The Papacy during the Crusades

  1. Introduction
  2. Reform in the 11th Century
  3. The Investiture Struggle
  4. Gregory VII, 1073-85
  5. Urban II, 1088-99
  6. Early 12th Century
  7. Innocent II, 1130-43
  8. Eugenius III and a New Crusade
  9. Adrian IV1154-59
  10. Alexander III, 1159-81
  11. Later 12th Century
  12. Innocent III, 1198-1216
  13. The Brood of Vipers
  14. The Church in the early 13th Century
  15. A New Influence
  16. The Church in the Later 13th Century
  17. Conclusion

Additional reading